Plaque is a sticky, bacteria-rich substance that adheres to tooth structures. Over time, plaque calcifies (hardens) into a substance called calculus (tartar).
Plaque and calculus irritate the mouth's tissues. Your body's reaction to these irritants—resulting in gum inflammation, recession, bleeding, and eventual bone loss around the teeth—constitutes periodontal (gum) disease.
The earliest stage, gingivitis (which is reversible), involves bleeding gums, especially during brushing and flossing. If unaddressed, it progresses to periodontitis, a more destructive stage characterized by advanced gum deterioration, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss.
Scaling and root planing are the most common treatments for periodontal disease. Scaling removes calculus and plaque from tooth surfaces above and below the gumline. Root planing smooths the root surfaces and removes any residual calculus.
If extensive plaque and calculus must be removed, the area will be numbed for comfort. The procedure uses a combination of sonic and hand instruments: sonic instruments remove larger deposits, while hand instruments ensure all crown and root surfaces are clean and bacteria-free. Some sensitivity or soreness may occur for a few days after treatment and can usually be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers.
A follow-up visit is typically scheduled four weeks after treatment to assess gingival improvement, with regular maintenance appointments (usually every 3–6 months) thereafter. The goals are to eliminate inflammation, reduce periodontal pockets to prevent plaque and calculus buildup, and maintain existing bone levels.
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